Deficient fluid volume, or hypovolemia, is a condition in which the body loses more fluid than it takes in. It involves a decrease in intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular fluid, often associated with dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
Causes and Risk Factors
Inadequate Fluid Intake
- Reduced access to fluids
- Decreased thirst sensation
- Inability to drink due to illness
Active Fluid Loss
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Polyuria
- Bleeding or hemorrhage
- Excessive sweating
Fluid Shifts (Third Spacing)
- Burns
- Intestinal obstruction
- Pancreatitis
Increased Metabolic Demands
- Fever
- Infection
- Endocrine disorders
Signs and Symptoms
- Decreased urine output
- Concentrated urine
- Sudden weight loss
- Dry mucous membranes
- Increased pulse rate
- Hypotension
- Decreased skin turgor
- Weakness or fatigue
- Mental status changes
NANDA Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Fluid Volume
Defined as a decrease in intravascular, interstitial, or intracellular fluid, often referring to dehydration.
Related Factors
- Inadequate fluid intake
- Active fluid loss
- Failure of regulatory mechanisms
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Increased metabolic rate
- Fluid shifts
NOC Outcomes
Fluid Balance
- Stable intake and output
- Normal vital signs
- No signs of dehydration
Hydration
- Moist mucous membranes
- Urine output > 30 mL/hr
- Normal skin turgor
NIC Interventions
Fluid Monitoring
- Strict intake and output
- Monitor urine specific gravity
- Daily weight assessment
- Vital signs monitoring
Fluid Management
- Encourage oral fluid intake
- Offer preferred fluids
- Educate on hydration
Fluid Resuscitation
- Administer IV fluids as ordered
- Monitor for fluid overload
- Replace electrolytes
Conclusion
Deficient fluid volume requires timely assessment and intervention to prevent complications such as hypovolemic shock. Nurses are essential in monitoring hydration, administering fluids, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and educating patients.
Sources
- Potter & Perry – Fundamentals of Nursing
- Brunner & Suddarth – Medical-Surgical Nursing
- NANDA, NIC, NOC Classifications
- WHO Hydration Guidelines
